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Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution

Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Published 29 June 2006.DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1842
Thomas Cavalier-Smith
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Abstract

This synthesis has three main parts. The first discusses the overall tree of life and nature of the last common ancestor (cenancestor). I emphasize key steps in cellular evolution important for ordering and timing the major evolutionary innovations in the history of the biosphere, explaining especially the origins of the eukaryote cell and of bacterial flagella and cell envelope novelties. Second, I map the tree onto the fossil record and discuss dates of key events and their biogeochemical impact. Finally, I present a broad synthesis, discussing evidence for a three-phase history of life. The first phase began perhaps ca 3.5 Gyr ago, when the origin of cells and anoxic photosynthesis generated the arguably most primitive prokaryote phylum, Chlorobacteria (=Chloroflexi), the first negibacteria with cells bounded by two acyl ester phospholipid membranes. After this ‘chlorobacterial age’ of benthic anaerobic evolution protected from UV radiation by mineral grains, two momentous quantum evolutionary episodes of cellular innovation and microbial radiation dramatically transformed the Earth's surface: the glycobacterial revolution initiated an oxygenic ‘age of cyanobacteria’ and, as the ozone layer grew, the rise of plankton; immensely later, probably as recently as ca 0.9 Gyr ago, the neomuran revolution ushered in the ‘age of eukaryotes’, Archaebacteria (arguably the youngest bacterial phylum), and morphological complexity. Diversification of glycobacteria ca 2.8 Gyr ago, predominantly inhabiting stratified benthic mats, I suggest caused serial depletion of 13C by ribulose 1,5-bis-phosphate caboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to yield ultralight late Archaean organic carbon formerly attributed to methanogenesis plus methanotrophy. The late origin of archaebacterial methanogenesis ca 720 Myr ago perhaps triggered snowball Earth episodes by slight global warming increasing weathering and reducing CO2 levels, to yield runaway cooling; the origin of anaerobic methane oxidation ca 570 Myr ago reduced methane flux at source, stabilizing Phanerozoic climates. I argue that the major cellular innovations exhibit a pattern of quantum evolution followed by very rapid radiation and then substantial stasis, as described by Simpson. They yielded organisms that are a mosaic of extremely conservative and radically novel features, as characterized by De Beer's phrase ‘mosaic evolution’. Evolution is not evenly paced and there are no real molecular clocks.

    • © 2006 The Royal Society
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    29 June 2006
    Volume 361, issue 1470
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: 361 (1470)
    • Table of Contents
    Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Major steps in cell evolution: palaeontological, molecular and cellular evidence of their timing and global effects’ organized by T. Cavalier-Smith, M. Brasier and T. M. Embley
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    Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution
    Thomas Cavalier-Smith
    Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2006 361 969-1006; DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. Published 29 June 2006
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    Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution

    Thomas Cavalier-Smith
    Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2006 361 969-1006; DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. Published 29 June 2006

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    • Article
      • Abstract
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Fundamental cell diversity
      • 3. The tree of life and its root
      • 4. Mapping the tree onto the fossil record
      • 5. Synthesis: how microbial quantum evolution changed the world
      • 6. Explaining megaevolution: preadaptation and quantum evolution
      • Acknowledgments
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